Organs Of The Immune System

The immune system is composed of different immune organs, cells and tissues. There are two groups of immune organ systems.

• ·      Primary lymphoid organs
• ·         Secondary lymphoid organs

"Primary organs” - These are immune organs concerned with production and maturation of lymphoid cells including bone marrow and thymus gland.
“Secondary organs” - These immune organs are spots or sites in which the lymphocytes localize, identify unfamiliar antigens and triggers reaction in opposition to it. It Contains tonsils, lymph nodes, Spleen, Peyer’s patches (in the small intestines), appendix and liver.

Primary Organs

Thymus- Bilobed organ located above the heart (beneath the breast bone).It functions at its peak during adolescence producing specialized lymphocytes-T-cells and B-cells and dispatching them through lymph vessels to secondary organs. In very simple words, we can say its purpose is to initiate antibody formation.

Immature thymocytes, also called prothymocytes, abandon bone marrow to move in to the thymus, by the way of an extraordinary maturation process at times called thymic education, T cells which are good for the body's defense mechanisms are spared, but other T cells which may stimulate a harmful autoimmune reaction are eliminated. The Release of Mature T cell into the bloodstream takes place next.

Bone Marrow - All  the cells from the immune system, before anything else, are originally produced by the bone marrow. They are formed via a process named hematopoiesis. Throughout hematopoiesis, the stem cells derived from the bone marrow separate into precursors of those cells that travel from the bone marrow to carry on their growth somewhere else or into mature cells. Bone marrow generates B cellular material, granulocytes, natural killer cells, and also immature thymocytes, as well as red blood cells.

                                                  

  Secondary Organs

Lymph nodes- Also at times termed as lymph glands, they are little spherical or bean-shaped clusters of lymphatic tissues enclosed by a sort of capsule made of connective tissue. There are about 500-700 lymph nodes spread all through our bodies. Lymph nodes separate out the lymphatic fluid the store specific cellular material that will capture most cancers cells or bacteria which are travelling throughout the human body within the lymph fluid.


Spleen - One of the most essential  immune organs, it works as an immunologic filtration system in the bloodstream. It consists of B cells, dendritic cells, T cells, red blood cells, macrophages and natural killer cells. Together along with unfamiliar materials (antigens) from the bloodstream goes to the dendritic cells, spleen, migratory macrophages and deliver antigens to the spleen through the blood stream. An immune answer is started once the dendritic cells or macrophage offer the antigen towards the proper T or B cells. This organ could be regarded as a conference centre. Within the spleen, then follows the activation of the B cells and the production of massive quantities of antibody. Also, older red blood cells, at that time, are eliminated within the spleen.


Tonsils and adenoids - They are two lumps of tissues, on either sides in the throat, inserted in a pocket beside the palate (that's the roof of the mouth). The lower edge of every single tonsil is near the tongue...way at the back of the throat. The adenoids really are a single clump made of tissue behind the nose area (nasopharynx). They're situated (in the adult) around the back, at the wall structure of the throat (pharynx)...about 1 inch over the uvula (the small teardrop shaped little bit of tissues that dangles down in the centre of the soft palate). Even though adenoids and tonsils have comparable purpose, i.e. trapping viruses and bacteria, they're entirely independent immune organs.


Peyer’s patches - They are nodules of lymphatic cells that combine to make patches or bundles and appear generally only within the lowest part (ileum) of your small intestine; they're named after 17th-century, Switzerland anatomist Hans Conrad Peyer. Saying that in a different way, they could be thought as patches of nodules, in the small intestines walls. 


Appendix - It's a thin, dead-end tube measuring about three-to-four inches in length and it hangs from the cecum (which is end in the large intestine). Even though it's typically called the "appendix," the actual term for it is "vermiform appendix."
During the past, the appendix was regarded as not having any purpose in the body or as not currently being among the immune organs. Today, it is stated, often, that this takes on a task in the body's defense mechanisms because its surfaces incorporate aggregated lymphoid tissues. Researchers say that the appendix assists in supporting the immunity process through 2 approaches. It will  tell the lymphocytes exactly where they have to head over to attack infection and it also enhances the massive intestine's defenses to a range of drugs and foods.